Problem Solving literally means "to solve problems." The term was originally used mainly in reference to the logical-mathematical problems, but in recent years has been increasingly used to refer to the study of skills and processes involved in addressing the problems of all kinds (from the practical and organizational, communicational and psychological ones) in a positive and effective.
Problem solving skills as a general approach to problems, are taught for many years with remarkable results in various areas: organizations, in business, teaching, coaching, counseling and in psychotherapy. In each of these fields, its use has established itself as the main instrument for increasing the skills of management, teaching, and in the report help to improve communication between people and personal growth.
Depending on the scope of use of problem solving, have been identified specific tools that help to frame the problem accurately. However, the basic skills and fundamental processes of problem solving are the same, whatever their field of application.
Over the past ten or fifteen years, has been tested successfully teaching the fundamentals of problem solving in difficult conditions with significant psychological and social results. So the problem solving has become an essential tool in psychotherapy, in counseling, teaching, psycho-education, rehabilitation and psychiatric classification as the helping relationship.
Art problem-solving consists of several skills. All are equipped to some extent, but it is highly unlikely that possess them all in high degree. A good problem solver is not necessarily at the same time, a creative genius such as Pablo Picasso, a great thinker like Immanuel Kant, and is not necessarily a perfect and rigorous Sherlock Holmes, and at the same time, a person with extraordinary common sense and of fulminant ability to improvise as James Bond.
A good problem solver is one who possesses all these skills in a firm and stable, harmonious and balanced.
Problems, obstacles, objectives and solutions
Problems exist in what are the goals!
We realize you have a problem when we encounter a difficulty in our way, when what we are doing does not yield the desired effects. When we realize that we have a problem (and because we see a specific obstacle, because we live in a state of discomfort), we're finding, in fact, faced with the need, if we are to achieve our goals, to change something in way we see, hear and understand things and in our behavior.
If we are not aware of this need, it creates an overwhelming paradox: the more we remain anchored to the obstacle or hardship, by focusing on them in an attempt solutions, unless we succeed. And this is because mentally retrace the behavior and always the same pathways, which are the ones that actually say this problem. To resolve this problem we have, instead, to change something. We need to invent alternative routes, new, effective, to achieve our goals.
Problem solving is thus the art of strategies to achieve goals.
A goal is a state we aspire to consciously, from our present state.
One problem is a condition in which what we are doing, or the deeds we do so, or the knowledge that we are not sufficient to achieve our objectives by this is a state of uneasiness and identification of obstacles in our path. One problem is an implicit call for change.
One obstacle is the set of impediments to proceed as usual or according to our knowledge and experiences, towards a goal.
One solution is the set of changes in mental status and behavior that allow us to reach our goal. Solutions do not always coincide with the removal of obstacles.
One problem is therefore the recognition of the need to invent and experiment with changes to enable us to achieve our goals. Having a problem means that our map of reality is insufficient, and that if we are to achieve our goal we must strive to amend, extend or integrate it so we need to identify, invent and experiment with new behaviors and mental states.
The stages of problem solving
Although a process of PS includes many steps that can be variously intertwined and integrated with each other, we can classified into four stages.
First step: identify the problem / obiettivo.Seconda phase: generate possible soluzioni.Terza step: choose, evaluate and plan the soluzione.Quarta step: execute the plan and evaluate the results.
Each phase has its specific purpose and uses of a particular mental attitude.
The first phase is to know well the nature of the problem and objectives. It assumes an attitude of observation or knowledge. Knowing, however, here has a broader meaning than that usually attributed to this word. It is not logical and scientific knowledge, but to have access to the deeper aspects of our lives, it is of recognizing and accepting our true needs, our desires, our needs, and why not, our fears. In this aspect we discussed in the previous pages.
The second stage is definitely the most creative of the PS as it aims to generate possible solutions. It requires an attitude that leaves the field open to thought and to afford to abandon their visions, intuitions, feelings and even emotions. At this stage it is important to let your mind free to link together apparently unrelated elements, have access to our resources and make even those who normally exclude hypothesis because seemingly unrealistic or incompatible with our basic ideas. The search for solutions, in fact, sometimes requires the abandonment of certain beliefs that have guided us in earlier, or their integration or modifications.
The third phase aims to produce some real detailed action plans. Requires a realistic and critical attitude. When ideas become projects, it is important to assess their degree of realism, that is, their impact with reality.
The fourth phase is the execution of the plan. Its purpose is to make the plan effective and includes the empirical evaluation of its effectiveness. It is characterized by an attitude of mind operating, practical, executive.
The different stages and different attitudes (cognitive, creative, critic and executive) are part of the same team and it is good that they learn to work for the same purpose, instead of playing against each other, as is a Sometimes it happens.
In a working group or family, for example, it is possible that people with a cognitive style more critical examination of reality tends to be perceived as "sticks between the wheels "when it comes to doing something. Similarly, those who tend to an exuberant creative production, can be considered "reckless" and hanging from the realistic components of gruppo.Nessun problem can be tackled and overcome only by the clarity of ideas, or only with creativity, or you can only do with critical realism and a good attitude in practice. All these components are essential. So that is nothing to blame those who, in a group of people, has a greater predisposition to a type of attitude than the others. Its role must be enhanced and used for the proper functioning of the whole group. Sometimes, when we deal with the PS alone, this fight takes place between different parts of ourselves. In this case our goal is to activate, stimulate and grow the most "lazy", thus contributing to our overall growth. In this case, problem solving can be considered, rightly, the art of harmonizing our creative parts with those observed, realistic and practical guidance to meet our goals.
Here is a summary of the four phases of Problem Solving.
Phase I (observed) IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMA/OBIETTIVO1. Define the objective .2. Analyze the obstacles.
Phase II (Creative) FIND SOLUZIONI1. Generate ideas (Brain Storming) .2. Transform of general ideas in concrete options.
Phase III (Critical-realistic) ASSESSING AND PIANIFICARE1. Evaluate effectiveness, feasibility and conseguenze.2. Set soluzione.3. Plan (who, what, when, how and with what resources).
Phase IV (Executive) Start PRATICA1. Run the piano.2. Evaluate the results.
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